Your expatriation tax return when U.S. income is zero
We get questions. Some of them are answered on the weekly Expatriation Only email list (subscribe!). Here the email that went out on Tuesday. And a special thanks to reader R. W. who reminded me to get the email posted here on the blog.
Hi from Phil Hodgen.
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This Week
This week’s question asks about dual-status income tax returns. The email list reader wants to know what the income tax return looks like for the year of expatriation:
I file the 1040 with other forms covering income up to the date of renunciation. Do I still have to file a 1040NR from the date of renunciation to the end of the year when I don’t have any US source income at all for either before or after renouncing?
Unfortunately, the final year income tax return form is a little more complicated than that. It is semi-hard to figure out whether you file Form 1040NR or Form 1040 as your tax return. Once you have figured that you, you have to figure out what income to put on the tax return, and what income to leave off.
Here is the short answer. In the year you expatriate, you must file an income tax return with the IRS. You will either file:
- Form 1040 treating yourself as a resident for the full year;
- Form 1040NR treating yourself as a nonresident for the full year; or
- Form 1040NR treating yourself as a part-year resident and a part-year nonresident.
As the question notes, there are a bunch of other forms and schedules that are attached to the tax returns. Don’t forget those.
If you are filing Form 1040NR, you only tell the IRS about income that is from U.S. sources. Income you derive from foreign sources is not reported on the Form 1040NR, and is not taxed by the United States.
Now for the details.
Your Tax Year
You, as a human being, will report your income and compute your income tax on a yearly basis. Almost every human uses the January 1 through December 31 time frame as the year for reporting income and computing income tax for the United States—resident and nonresident alike. There are a few exceptions to this rule but let’s ignore them.
This means that when the IRS looks for your tax return for the year in which you renounce citizenship (or give up your green card) they will be looking for a tax return that covers the entire year.
It seems counterintuitive. If you renounce your citizenship, that should cut off your tax filing requirements on that date. Unfortunately, the answer to that is no. All humans must use a full 12-month tax year (January 1 through December 31). The only humans who can use a short year (January 1 through a date earlier than December 31) are dead people. Their tax years end on the date of death.
Your Tax Return (If You Must File)
The way to figure out which tax return you must file is partly straightforward and partly not. You look at yourself on December 31—the last day of your tax year. What are you on that date? Well, you are no longer a U.S. citizen, so for income tax purposes you are an “alien”.
Resident aliens are required to file Form 1040 and pay income tax on their worldwide income. Nonresident aliens are required to file Form 1040NR, but only if they have income from U.S. sources (and sometimes not even then).
So you will need to figure out whether you are a “resident” or a “nonresident” of the United States for income tax purposes on December 31 of the year in which you expatriate. This is unrelated to your immigration status as a resident or nonresident.
You will be a resident alien (and file Form 1040) if you spent too many days in the United States over the three year period ending with the year you renounced citizenship. This is the substantial presence test. Go look at IRS Publication 519 for more information. If I write about it here you will receive a small book instead of a short email. 🙂
Note that it might be possible for you to be a resident alien (required to file Form 1040) and then convert yourself to nonresident alien status by making an election under an income tax treaty to be a resident of another country and a nonresident of the United States. This is a complicated subject but I just want to bring your attention to it.
You will be a nonresident alien (and file Form 1040NR) if you did not spend enough days in the United States to satisfy the substantial presence test.
Not Splitting The Tax Year
If you file Form 1040NR because you make an election under the income tax treaty between the United States and your country of residence, you will be a nonresident of the United States for the entire year, and will compute your income tax as a nonresident of the United States.
Generally, that means that the United States will only tax income you receive from U.S. sources. Income you receive from foreign sources will not be taxed in the United States. You will, however, be required to comply with all of the terrible, horrible, very bad, not good at all paperwork that American taxpayers must suffer through when they have contact with the outside world: FBARs, Form 5471, Form 8938, and all the rest.
Splitting The Tax Year
If you file Form 1040NR and you do not spend enough time in the United States to be a resident under the substantial presence test, then you will be what the IRS calls a dual-status taxpayer. For part of the year you were a full-blown U.S. taxpayer (because you held U.S. citizenship or you held a U.S. green card), and part of the year you were a full-blown nonresident alien, (almost) fully out of the U.S. tax system.
For the part of the year that you held the passport or green card, you were taxable on your worldwide income. This is from January 1 through the day before your renunciation date.
For the part of the year starting with your renunciation date until December 31, you were a nonresident alien. This means that you were only taxable by the IRS on income you received from U.S. sources.
You can see a discussion of this in IRS Publication 519, Chapter 6.
Answering the Question, Finally
So now I (finally) come to the point where I answer the question. 🙂
The reader had no income from U.S. sources. At all. All of her income was from sources outside the United States. Here is how it works:
From January 1 through the day before renunciation, income received is reportable to and taxed by the U.S. The fact that the income was from foreign sources is irrelevant. The power to tax this income is based on the taxpayer’s status as a passport or green card holder.
From the date of renunciation until the end of the year, only income from U.S. sources is reported on Form 1040NR. Since the reader had no income from U.S. sources—at all—the Form 1040NR will be reporting zero income for that time period. Essentially, the Form 1040NR is only there as a carrying mechanism to transport the income information to the IRS for the time period of January 1 through the day before renunciation. See IRS Publication 519 for how that’s done.
The Mechanics of the Dual-Status Tax Return
I will deal with the mechanics of how to fill in the Form 1040NR as a dual status return for another time. We are busy preparing for the second session of the webinar we are doing for expatriates, and dual status tax returns will be part of this Friday’s session. There is enough complexity here to make “the preparation of a dual-status income tax return” its own stand-alone webinar.
Disclaimer, Waiver, Warning Shot, Pre-emptive Strike, Etc.
Now of course is a prudent moment to remind you that this is not legal advice. Get competent advice from someone. Especially for dual-status tax return preparation. The IRS is all hand-wavy ‘n stuff about how to do it. Find someone experienced who can look at your situation and tell you exactly how to do it.
Next Week
Next Tuesday there will be another expatriation-related question and answer. Send yours in. Hit “Reply” and start typing. When you’re done, hit “Send”.
Phil.
Hi @Expat. I am traveling and won’t be able to get to this for a few weeks at best. Sorry. Greetings from an airport lounge. 🙂
Phil,
I still haven’t seen a reply to @J’s question and I have the same. I have looked to other sources and found that when filing a deceased’s last return, you can take the full standard deduction so I have done the same. Do you think this is right? And would a similar logic apply to the exemptions?
No problem, thanks for letting me know. Hope you’re having a good time in Singapore (visions of “Crazy Rich Asians” dancing in my head right now) :D:D
@J,
Sorry but I’m on jet lag mode in Singapore right now and can’t get to the resource materials to answer your question. And my brain doesn’t have the answer. 🙂
Hi Phil,
Another Q, do we need to pro-rate the deduction and exemption (lines 40 and 42 of the 2014 1040) as expatriates?
eg. I revoked my citizenship on Oct 31, 2014 so I was only a citizen for 242 days. Do I only get to claim $4,110 for the deduction [6,200 x 242/365] and only $2,619 [3,950 x 242/365] ?
It occurred to me that the 1040NR also provides the same exemption ($3,950), and as I am filing both 1040 and 1040NR, if I don’t prorate, I will be effectively claiming the exemption twice. I suspect the IRS would not like that, but just wanted to confirm with your expertise on this matter.
Thanks!
– J
Some things are prorated. Some are not. (Gee Phil. Really helpful!). Eg, the Form 8938 cuts off as of expatriation date, but the IRS hasn’t said if the FBAR does.
For income and expense, the general rule is “did you get/give cash?” If a paycheck hit your bank account while you were a U.S. Citizen, you report it. If you, on the other hand, expatriate on Wednesday and get paid on Friday, that paycheck is not taxed by the U.S. & A.
Look at IRS Publication 519, Chapter 6 for discussions of tax returns when part of the year you are a resident and part you are not.
And yes your 2014 tax returns are going to burn more brain cells than normal.
Hi Phil,
Awesome blog! Thank you so much for your advice! It has helped clear up many questions I have in filing the exit tax forms. One Q that I don’t think has been covered yet (I tried my best to scour the entire site to make sure I’m not asking a question that has already been answered):
Do the supplementary forms, ie 8938, 8961 need to be prorated for the 1040 and 1040NR? Or is it possible to just tally the numbers for the whole year for the 8938 & 8961’s and put them in the 1040? Also, the 1099 dividend tax receipts cover the entire year so do I just prorate that as well? In essence, will we have to file four entire sets of tax returns (2 x 1040) + (2 x 1040NR), all complete with their supplementary forms? I can’t even start to imagine the headache with the PFICs…
If it helps, my situation is this:
Both my husband and I expatriated in the later quarter of 2014, and are both Canadians as well. We have been diligent and have filed all previous 5 year returns. We are pretty sure we are going to have file both the 1040 and 1040NR in addition to the lovely 8854.
Many thanks in advance for your advice (and humour, love the humour ;D)
– J
Phil,
I’ll give you the benefit of the doubt and assume you’re correct on all of this. Congratulations! You’re probably one of the few people on this planet who’ve gotten it right (excluding most other other tax professionals as well, I dare say). What you’ve described is so counter-intuitive that I’d be really surprised if any ex- US citizens are filing this way. Seriously, I’m not criticizing your interpretation, but it is pure madness and I can’t imagine anyone getting it right.
@tdott,
You are correct in multiple ways. Let’s start with the “My head hurts” stuff. Treaties are written by diplomats. Diplomats were not paying attention in 7th grade when basic grammar lessons were taught. The people who write treaties should be beaten about the head and shoulders with an Ernest Hemingway novel until they learn to write simply and clearly. 🙂
But to your main point — what you need to do is look at the local law of the country, and decide what it says. What — under local law — is the first day that you were a resident of that country under its tax laws? Ideally the answer is January 1. Then you look at the treaty tie-breaker rules (Article 4) to see if they cause the result you want.
After that you make the election on Form 8833.
I am going to put this in my “articles ideas” bucket in Evernote for a future blog post and I will focus on the Canadian treaty specifically. Treaties are a
black holeblack art in tax work. Reading treaties is not everyone’s idea of a Really Good Time. 🙂Phil,
If I’m reading the article correctly, you are saying that it is possible to renounce in, say, 2014 and be treated for tax purposes as a NRA for the *entire* 2014 year, not just for the portion of the year after renunciation. However, in order for this to happen, the relevant tax treaty must allow this, and you must make the appropriate election.
Am I right so far? If so, can you say what key words or phrases one should look for in a tax treaty to see if this is allowed? I’ve looked at the Canada-US tax treaty (my interest is in Canada) and, to be frank, it hurts my head; hence my plea for short-cut key words/phrases.
TIA
@John,
This is true. If you do not have a filing requirement, you can file the Form 8854 as a standalone document.
My practice is to file tax returns in these circumstances. I want to close the statute of limitations. Years from now I do not want to have the taxpayer reconstruct the past and explain to the IRS why no return was filed. It is far simpler to file with zero income.
This is not always true of course. But I like to prevent future wreckage if I can do so with minimal brain damage now.
Phil,
If the renunciant’s income is below the 2014 filing limit I see no reason why a 1040 or a 1040NR needs to be filed. This could occur if the renunciation occurred early in the year (e.g. January) or if the renunciant was a stay at home spouse. The instructions to form 8854 are quite clear that if you are under the filing limits you “only” need to send the 8854 to the address in Philadelphia.
Phil
I’m sure the law will be on the US Government’s side for this question.
What would happen to someone if they renounced say on 1 January 2015, the US accepts all the paperwork at the time and sends the CLN as usual. However, sometime over the next 6 years the IRS claims it was a false return (obviously wanting all the usual back taxes, penalties, and poss criminal proceedings), does the US ‘re-instate’ you as a US citizen for those years? Almost like someone fraudulently obtaining US citizenship but in reverse – fraudulent renunciation.
Would you be liable to file US taxes until the US Government is satisfied the subsequent years?
Does the US Government have a 6 year window (or whatever number of years) to have a go at someone?
After 6 years the US Government can’t ‘re-instate’ you?